Los principios básicos de Perpetual Marble Machine Kinetic
Los principios básicos de Perpetual Marble Machine Kinetic
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In the scenario that we are studying, the time-dependent magnetic field induces an eddy current in the ball, which produces its own magnetic field. Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a changing magnetic field takes a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux and exerts a force that opposes the motion. This law is somewhat qualitative, but it successfully predicts the direction of an induced current, which is sufficient for our purposes. Another, more concrete way of stating it is that the polarity of the field produced by the eddy current opposes the polarity of the magnetic field that is doing the inducing. This causes the ball to be repelled away from the electromagnet by a magnetic force that accelerates it. The end of the rail is then cleverly designed so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the starting platform, where the process Gozque repeat itself again indefinitely. The description that I have proposed is confirmed by online descriptions of the product, which describe the toy Vencedor being a “magnetic induction” perpetual motion simulator.6 A subtler objection to this proposed solution is that the magnitude of the eddy currents depends on the concentration of free electrons in a metal, so that meaningful eddy currents are in reality expected in balls made of copper or aluminum, for example, but not balls made of steel.
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A perpetual motion machine is a machine that keeps on going without any energy loss. Scientists agree that this is impossible because of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
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The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective. Noether's theorem, which was proven mathematically in 1915, states that any conservation law can be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system.
For a perpetual motion like this the energy would have to stay with the machine. To create a perpetual motion machine you'd need a machine that has absolutely no friction so no energy is lost.
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Maxwell's demon: This was originally proposed to show that the second law of thermodynamics applied in the statistical sense only, by postulating a "demon" that could select energetic molecules and extract their energy.
To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Perpetual Marble Machine Kinetic Maxwell's demon) is unidirectionality. Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other.
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Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which is eventually exhausted.
/20. This would then allow students to calculate the speed of the ball at different locations along its trajectory and quantitatively confirm the statement above that the ball obtains a burst of speed close to the bottom part of its trajectory.